
Hard disk repair companies will physically retrieve data from the damaged disk by disassembling your hard disk in a "clean room", clean and mark the platters. The platters are then scanned and analogue signals are picked up from the disk.
The signals from your disk are digitised and converted into readable data stored on a new medium (usually a non-destructive data recovery processes that uses drive sector cloning).
The data is pulled from your drive on a sector by sector basis, working directly on the clone, to ensure your drive is not damaged further. The quality of the copy depends on how severely damaged the original disk was.
The last step is to analyse the copy in order to determine the logical structure of partitions, file systems and files. When the analysis is finished, the file system is rebuilt and the data is accessible to the user again.

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